The EU and the US remain each other’s most important economic partners, despite the confrontative course of the Trump administration and China’s rise as a global economic power. This is particularly the case as interconnectedness and the role of foreign affiliates in exchanging know-how and services have been gaining importance as the very fundamentals of future globalization.

China's shares of EU countries' goods imports rose very significantly between 2000 and 2019, with a focus on the first decade. Germany’s shares, on the other hand, have been falling since 2005.

The exhaustion of globalization has increased steadily in recent years. The Covid-19 shock reached the world at the previous height of the systemic conflict between Chinese state capitalism and the increasingly divided transatlantic West. The European Union is largely sluggish in its response. In Europe, on the other hand, the nation-state hierarchies show themselves to be able to act.

The paradoxical characterization of India's data governance framework is hard to miss. As the country aspires to become a leading global tech hub, its inward-looking approach for regulating data could be counterproductive from a geopolitical perspective and weaken India's booming digital services industry.