Canada has a large Chinese diaspora that, amid closer economic and social interactions with China, has also become the target in recent years of attempts by Beijing to manipulate government policy, society, and academic institutions. Among the many reasons why China has the incentive to use “sharp power” to interfere with Canada are the latter’s membership in the Five Eyes intelligence community and NATO; its longstanding alliance with China’s principal competitor, the United States; and a democratic system and observance of rule of law based largely on Western concepts that have increasingly clashed with the CCP’s revisionist – and now arguably global – aspirations.

Jordan and Turkey maintain long ties that go back to the early 1990s. In 1994, Jordan and Turkey established the Turkish-Jordanian Business Council. The aim of the Council is to serve as a model for joint businesses between the two countries. The Council encourages both countries’ private sectors to reciprocate their trade and investments. In 2011, Jordan and Turkey have also signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) that removes tariff barriers and facilitates bilateral trade and investments.

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The U.S. lead in the digital economy is under threat as a growing number of countries enact overly restrictive and discriminatory laws and regulations around digital content they identify as illegal in ways that becomes barriers to trade. Explicit content review processes are the most visible aspect, but it also includes content distribution, Internet, and connectivity services as these play a crucial role in managing and controlling information, especially online. China is by far the worst offender. U.S. firms have lost significant revenue by being blocked or inhibited from accessing and operating in the Chinese market.